Spreadsheet. emu.ee homepage terminology and phrases
2012:
Nov. 5
NB! take a look at experience-experiences explained at the end of these notes.
insufficient = not enough
student = undergraduate
Phd-student =
postgraduate, PhD, doctoral student
structure - liigendus
whipped cream
kas-küsimusega läheb hääl
üles, kui tõepoolest esitatakse küsimus, mitte kinnitav
lausepool. - yes-no question is asked with a rising tone if it really is a question, and the intonation is falling, if one just states a fact.
Oct. 29
compulsory = required = obligatory
It's a compulsory examination.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/compulsory
It's a must = you have to do it.
a must - Something that is absolutely required or indispensable: Promptness on the job is a must. Comfortable boots are a must when going on a hike.
Oct. 22
analyse-analysis
verb: to research something: to analyse (chiefly Br http://www.thefreedictionary.com/analyse)
to analyze http://www.thefreedictionary.com/analyze
noun: analysis - the result of analysing something
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/analysis
NB! plural - analyses
Oct. 8
The answer The waiter has broken one of Wurman’s rules of conversation. requires a question with a has/have. Like: What has the waiter done? if it's about the waiter,
or the present tense, like: Why is Wurman angry? (because The waiter has broken..., if the question is in the past, it would have to be The waiter had broken...)
Oct.1
Bob saw Jane.
Who saw Jane? - Bob did.
Who did Bob see? - Jane. /He saw Jane.
The vaze broke.
What broke? - The vaze.
What did you break? - Nothing. The vaze fell and broke.
The word order is very important -
question word - auxiliary - subject (who? what?) - verb (does what?) - all the rest (object, adverbials etc)
When does he come? (=usually, as a rule)
When did he come? (=in the past - yesterday, an hour ago etc)
When will he come? (=future, tomorrow, in half an hour etc)
When is he going to come? (=plans to be here)
When would he come? (=not very sure, maybe he won't at all)
When can he come? (=is able to, it is possible for him)
When does he have to come? (=must, has to, no way out)
distance learner
matriculation number
knowledge [knowledge], only singular! versus
know-how (practice more?)
on screen right on the top in the corner
Sept. 24homework assignments
no plural with homework/housework
anyone (kas üleüldse kedagi
on ) Is anyone ready for the presentation? (=I have no idea at all, maybe not anyone)
anybody (ükskõik, kes kohalolijaist) Is anybody ready? (= I have a feeling that somebody might be)
someone (keegi konkreetsem) Is someone ready? (= I have a feeling that someone is)
somebody (keegi konkreetsem kohalolijaist, üsna kindel, et on) (= I'm quite sure somebody is)
foam - like soap or beer foam
British English (Br): basement
floor > ground floor > first floor
American English (US): basement > first > second floor
Substantive: analyses
Verb: analyse
data - two pronunciations:
thorough - põhjalik, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/thorough
not exactly from the class, but well explained:
six years' experience:
It goes by the term, genitive of measure: For expressions of time and measurement, possession is shown with an apostrophe -s.
Originally Posted by Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage
You know you're dealing with a genitive of measure if you can (a) replace the apostrophe with the preposition 'of' and (b) rephrase it by using a periphrastic construct:
(a) six years' experience => six years of experience (replaced)
(b) six years' experience => experience of six years (rephrased)
Periphrastic constructs are rather awkward, though, not to mention they seem a tad bit too 'formal' for some speakers, so some speakers tend to use an attributive+noun-like construct, which, on the plus-side of things, makes it easier to read (that is, X of Y becomes a Y's X. Phonetically,
A wise X),
(c) experience of six years => six years' experience (possessive noun)
but on the downside of things, it turns the measure word (i.e., years) into what appears to be an attributive adjective, and that's probably the reason we see speakers omitting the apostrophe in their writing. The erroneous assumption being that 'years' is an attributive adjective, and since adjectives do not take possessive -'s or -', the apostrophe, then, isn't added, when it should be added:
(d) six years experience.
What kind of experience?
Six years.
(e) six years' experience.
What's the measure of experience?
Six years.
You know you're dealing with a possessive noun, and not an attributive noun, if you can insert an adjectiveafter the apostrophe:
six year's experience => six years' typing experience
Cf. a six year typing experience (Attributive Adjectives)
In short, in terms of grammar, the noun years' doesn't possess the noun experience: It describes its measure. In terms of writing, the apostrophe is necessary because it carries meaning; it's meaningful:
My brother has years' experience. (years of)
My bother has years experience. (years, kind)
In terms of speech, the apostrophe that lacks phonetic representation, that is, you can't hear it, and if speakers base their writing on what they hear, and not on what they see, or read, the apostrophe won't find its way into their prose:
years' experience [ji:rz]
years experience [ji:rz]
Here's an amusing quote: (I have no idea what 'shibboleths' means, and I am too lazy to look it up.
)
Originally Posted by Kenneth G. Wilson (1923–)
not exactly from the class, but well explained:
six years' experience:
It goes by the term, genitive of measure: For expressions of time and measurement, possession is shown with an apostrophe -s.
Originally Posted by Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage(a) six years' experience => six years of experience (replaced)
(b) six years' experience => experience of six years (rephrased)
Periphrastic constructs are rather awkward, though, not to mention they seem a tad bit too 'formal' for some speakers, so some speakers tend to use an attributive+noun-like construct, which, on the plus-side of things, makes it easier to read (that is, X of Y becomes a Y's X. Phonetically,
A wise X), (c) experience of six years => six years' experience (possessive noun)
but on the downside of things, it turns the measure word (i.e., years) into what appears to be an attributive adjective, and that's probably the reason we see speakers omitting the apostrophe in their writing. The erroneous assumption being that 'years' is an attributive adjective, and since adjectives do not take possessive -'s or -', the apostrophe, then, isn't added, when it should be added:
(d) six years experience.
What kind of experience?
Six years.
(e) six years' experience.
What's the measure of experience?
Six years.
You know you're dealing with a possessive noun, and not an attributive noun, if you can insert an adjectiveafter the apostrophe:
six year's experience => six years' typing experience
Cf. a six year typing experience (Attributive Adjectives)
In short, in terms of grammar, the noun years' doesn't possess the noun experience: It describes its measure. In terms of writing, the apostrophe is necessary because it carries meaning; it's meaningful:
My brother has years' experience. (years of)
My bother has years experience. (years, kind)
In terms of speech, the apostrophe that lacks phonetic representation, that is, you can't hear it, and if speakers base their writing on what they hear, and not on what they see, or read, the apostrophe won't find its way into their prose:
years' experience [ji:rz]
years experience [ji:rz]
Here's an amusing quote: (I have no idea what 'shibboleths' means, and I am too lazy to look it up.
) Originally Posted by Kenneth G. Wilson (1923–)
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